Sectional Curvature Pinching of Two-Step Nilmanifolds

We study the classical problem of sectional curvature pinching in the class of 2-step nilmanifolds, which are necessarily of mixed curvature. We show that the pinching constant of any 2-step nilmanifold lies in the compact interval $[-3,-\frac{3}{2}]$. The upper bound $-\frac{3}{2}$ is achieved by the complex Heisenberg group ${\mathrm{Heis}}_3(\mathbb{C})$ with a Ricci soliton metric. The upper bound exhibits rigidity: if a simply connected 2-step nilmanifold $N$ has the pinching constant $-\frac{3}{2}$, then $N$ admits a Ricci soliton complex Heisenberg group as a totally geodesic subgroup. On the other hand, the lower bound satisfies non-rigidity: any 2-step nilpotent Lie group admits a metric with pinching constant $-3$. This is derived by showing that there is an open neighborhood $U$ of ${\mathrm{Heis}}_3(\mathbb{R})\times {\mathbb{R}}^{n-3}$ in the space of $n$-dimensional 2-step nilmanifolds such that the pinching constant is $-3$ on $U$, and any 2-step nilpotent Lie group $N$ has a metric $g$ such that $(N,g)$ lies in $U$. In fact, if $N$ is not isomorphic to ${\mathrm{Heis}}_3(\mathbb{R})\times {\mathbb{R}}^{n-3}$, then there is a curve $g_t$ of metrics on $N$ with $(N,g_t)\in U$, showing that there are uncountably many left-invariant metrics on $N$ such that the pinching constant is $-3$. An algebraic characterization of a 2-step nilpotent Lie group that admits a metric with the pinching constant $-\frac{3}{2}$ is also given, and the pinching constants of various examples are computed.